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Since a number of years, the question of the impact of BPA released from dental resins and/or sealants (or other dental materials) is open. These materials contain different monomers and many additives that are used to induce or inhibit the polymerization reaction. The monomers are mainly urethane dimethacrylate, BPA glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA), its ethoxylated version (Bis-EMA), and BPA dimethacrylate (Bis-DMA). Comonomers such as triethylene glycol dimethacrylate are used to dilute the thick consistency and provide a higher degree of cure because of their relatively lower molecular weight [1]. BPA is used in the manufacturing process of Bis-GMA, Bis-EMA, and Bis-DMA or other similar molecules, and thus, minute amounts of BPA residuesmay be present in the final material. Interestingly, it has been shown that some patients treated with Bis-DMA containing materials present salivary and urinary BPA concentrations two to tenfold higher than control patients [2], which, however, decreased to almost normal after 24 h. For Bis-GMA materials, very small amounts of BPA could be detected in saliva and only neglectable amounts in urine, which also decreased 24 h after placement. It has been published that BPA may act as an endocrine disruptor (ED), thus being able to alter functions of the endocrine system and cause adverse health effects to an intact organism or its progeny (World Health Organization (WHO) definition 2002). EDs with an estrogenic activity have been proposed to be associated with estrogenic effects such as testicular dysgenesis, inducing testicular, prostate, and mammary gland cancers, impairing semen quality, diabetes, and obesity [3]. Some authors [3–5] claim that a series of diseases including cancer risks, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and developmental impairments are related to exposure towards BPA [3–5]. In human cross-sectional studies, BPA plasma or urine concentrations were reported to be associated among others with prostate dysplasias and abnormal birth weight [4]. A main problem in this context is the correct chemical analysis of BPA, the sensitivity of the analytical methods, and the question of BPA conjugation/glucoronization. Whereas the measurements in urine may be considered reliable, unconjugated BPA is apparently difficult to be measured in plasma because the sensitivity of the methods may not allow the measure the concentrations in the picogram per milliliter range. It is accepted that reported results in plasma/serum may be artifacts due to external contamination of the samples. Experimental studies in animals could not confirm results from reported observational studies in humans and showed general toxicity of BPA of doses above 5 mg/kg bw/day. Proliferation of mammary gland at doses of 400 μg/kg bw/day in monkeys [6] and behavioral effects in rodents at the same dose level. Although there are effects to be noted in in vitro studies on cell and tissue cultures and in vivo animal experiments, which may indicate adverse endocrine related effects due to BPA, it is still difficult to extrapolate these findings to the human clinical situation. Its precise mechanism of action is still not clear, as the signaling pathways seem to be dependent on the BPA concentrations. However, its functional interaction with estrogen receptors has been recently demonstrated and could explain at least in part its endocrine disrupting effects [4]. In the EU, USA, and Canada, BPA was banned from feeding bottles. M. Goldberg (*) : S. Dimitrova-Nakov INSERM UMR-S U747 (Equipe 5) & Faculte des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomedicales, Universite Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Peres, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France e-mail: mgoldberg.goldberg004@gmail.com

BPA from dental resin material: where are we going with restorative and preventive dental biomaterials?