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Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in the production and supply of energy in eukaryotic cells. Recently, the use of serial section scanning electron microscopy (S 3 EM) has allowed accurate three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images of even complex organelle structures. Using this method, ultrathin sections of etiolated cotyledons were observed 4 days after germination of  Arabidopsis thaliana  in the dark, and giant mitochondria were found. To exclude the possibility of chemical fixation artifacts, this study confirmed the presence of giant mitochondria in high-pressure frozen samples. The 3D reconstructed giant mitochondria had a complex structure that included not only the elongated region but also the flattened shape of a disk. It contained the characteristic sheet structure, and the sheet lacked cristae and matrix but consisted of outer and inner membranes. Whether this phenomenon could be observed in living cells was investigated using the transformant with mitochondrial matrix expressing green fluorescent protein. Small globular mitochondria observed in light-treated samples were also represented in etiolated cotyledons. Although no giant mitochondria were observed in light-treated samples, they were found in the dark 3 days after germination and rapidly increased in number on the fourth day. Therefore, giant mitochondria were observed only in dark samples. These findings were supported by electron microscopy results.

Existence of giant mitochondria-containing sheet structures lacking cristae and matrix in the etiolated cotyledon of Arabidopsis thaliana