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Full-length infectious cDNA clones for recombinant HY12 bovine enteroviruses designated as rHY12-3A-2-HA, rHY12-3A-3-HA, and rHY12-3A-9-HA were constructed by the insertion of an epitope from influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) at the N-terminus of the HY12-encoded 3A protein at amino acid positions 2, 3, and 9. The recombinant HY12 viruses expressing the HA epitope were rescued and characterized using immunoperoxidase monolayer assay, western blotting, and electron microscopy. The three rescued recombinant marker viruses showed similar characteristics, such as TCID 50 titer, plaque size, and growth properties, to those of parental rHY12 virus. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences demonstrated the three recombinant marker viruses remained stable for 15 passages with no genetic changes. The recombinant viruses remained viable in various permissive cell lines, including BHK-21, Vero, and PK15 cells, suggesting that the insertion of the HA epitope tag had no effect on virus infectivity. Mice infected with the recombinant marker viruses and the parental virus produced anti-HY12-virus antibodies, while the recombinant marker viruses also produced anti-HA-epitope-tag antibodies. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HY12 viruses containing genetic markers may be useful tools for future investigations of the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and virus replication, as well as for vaccine development.

Rescue and characterization of a recombinant HY12 bovine enterovirus carrying a foreign HA epitope in the 3A nonstructural protein