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Previous studies examining climate change and changes in the timing of seasons have used a fixed temperature threshold for season onset. In this study, the timing of seasons was determined using non-fixed threshold methods. Twelve new timing indices were defined to account for shifts in seasons and season onset day, thermal centroid day, and length. The Mann-Kendall test, Theil-Sen’s slope estimator, sequential Mann-Kendall test, and least square linear regression were used to assess trends. The timing indices were examined using data from two meteorological stations in Iran with 50 years of records. Spatio-temporal variations in each index over 30 years (1987–2016) were then determined for Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran. Trend analysis for several indices indicated that the timing of seasons had probably changed in the south and west of the study area, while mountainous regions showed non-significant trends. Based on the hottest and coldest 90-day periods (summer and winter, respectively), during the three decades studied, spring lengthened by 5–10 days/decade in the plain region of Khuzestan province and autumn shortened by about 5–8 days/decade. The centroid of winter occurred earlier, by 2–5 days/decade, in the plains area, while the thermal centroid of summer did not change significantly. Overall, the difference between the thermal centroid of winter and summer ( C  win-sum ) in the plains area significantly decreased, by 6–8 days/decade, in the 30-year period.

New indices for assessing changes in seasons and in timing characteristics of air temperature