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Observational studies indicate that northern Jiangsu Province is the most active area for the occurrence of squall lines in east China. While the roles of the large-scale atmospheric environment have been investigated, the effects of the terrain and lakes on the squall line in northern Jiangsu Province have not been well understood. In this study, the squall line occurring on 14 June 2009 is simulated to investigate the influences of the terrain and lakes. The squall line occurred under the influence of a short westerly trough at 500 hPa, one of the typical synoptic-scale patterns favorable for the development of squall lines in east China. Using the grid spacings of 3 km, 1 km and 333 m, the Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF) reasonably well simulates the evolution of the squall line and the extreme rainfall. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to examine the effects of Mountain Meng, Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake. It is found that the valley wind associated with Mountain Meng plays an important role in the early development of the squall line by enhancing the vertical wind shear at the low levels. The presence of the lakes leads to a relatively cold area, resulting in a temperature gradient toward the southeast at the low levels. The horizontal temperature gradient enhances the low-level vertical wind shear and promotes the development of the squall line.

Numerical study of effects of mountains and lakes on a squall line in northern Jiangsu Province