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In this work, we build a general piece-wise model to analyze data-parallel (DP) training costs of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on clusters of GPUs. This general model is based on  i)  multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) in charge of modeling the NVIDIA cuDNN/cuBLAS library kernels involved in the training of some of the state-of-the-art CNNs; and  ii)  an analytical model in charge of modeling the NVIDIA NCCL Allreduce collective primitive using the Ring algorithm. The CNN training scalability study performed using this model in combination with the Roofline technique on varying batch sizes, node (floating-point) arithmetic performance, node memory bandwidth, network link bandwidth, and cluster dimension unveil some crucial bottlenecks at both GPU and cluster level. To provide evidence of this analysis, we validate the accuracy of the proposed model against a Python library for distributed deep learning training.

Using machine learning to model the training scalability of convolutional neural networks on clusters of GPUs