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The eastern Mediterranean basin hosts a remarkably high plant diversity. Historical connections between currently isolated areas across the Aegean region and long-distance dispersal events have been invoked to explain current distribution patterns of species. According to most recent treatments, at least two  Cymbalaria  species occur in this area,  Cymbalaria microcalyx  and  C. longipes . The former comprises several intraspecific taxa, treated at different ranks by different authors based on morphological data, evidencing the need of a taxonomic revision. Additionally, some populations of  C. microcalyx  show exclusive morphological characters that do not match any described taxon. Here, we aim to shed light on the systematics of eastern Mediterranean  Cymbalaria  and to propose a classification informed by various sources of evidence. We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses using ITS, 3’ETS,  ndh F and  rpl 32- trn L sequences and estimated the ploidy level of some taxa performing relative genome size measures. Molecular data combined with morphology support the division of traditionally delimited  C. microcalyx  into  C. acutiloba ,  C. microcalyx  and  C. minor , corresponding to well-delimited nrDNA lineages. Furthermore, we propose to combine  C. microcalyx  subsp.  paradoxa  at the species level. A group of specimens previously thought to belong to  Cymbalaria microcalyx  constitute a well-defined phylogenetic and morphological entity and are described here as a new species,  Cymbalaria spetae .  Cymbalaria longipes  is non-monophyletic, but characterized by being glabrous and diploid, unlike other eastern species. The nrDNA data suggest at least two dispersals from the mainland to the Aegean Islands, potentially facilitated by marine regressions.

Disentangling relationships among eastern Mediterranean Cymbalaria including description of a novel species from the southern Peloponnese (Greece)