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The CRISTA/MAHRSI experiment on board a spaceshuttle was accompanied by a broad campaign of rocket, balloon and ground-basedmeasurements. Supporting lower ionospheric ground-based measurements were run inEurope and Eastern Asia between 1 October-30 November, 1994. Results ofcomparisons with long ionospheric data series together with short-termcomparisons inside the interval October-November, 1994, showed that the uppermiddle atmosphere  (<i>h</i> = 80-100 km) at middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in theinterval of the CRISTA/MAHRSI experiment (4-12 November, 1994) was very close toits expected climatological state. In other words, the average results of theexperiment can be used as climatological data, at least for the givenarea/altitudes. The role of solar/geomagnetic and "meteorological"control of the lower ionosphere is investigated and compared with the results ofMAP/WINE, MAC/SINE and DYANA campaigns. The effects of both solar/geomagneticand global meteorological factors on the lower ionosphere are found to be weakduring autumn 1994 compared to those in MAP/WINE and DYANA winters, and they areeven slightly weaker than those in MAP/SINE summer. The comparison of the fourcampaigns suggests the following overall pattern: in winter the lower ionosphereat northern middle latitudes appears to be fairly well"meteorologically" controlled with a very weak solar influence. Insummer, solar influence is somewhat stronger and dominates the weak"meteorological" influence, but the overall solar/meteorologicalcontrol is weaker than in winter. In autumn we find the weakest overallsolar/meteorological control, local effects evidently dominate.  <b>Key words. </b>Ionosphere (ionosphere · atmosphereinteractions; mid-latitude ionosphere

Ionospheric measurements during the CRISTA/MAHRSI campaign: their implications and comparison with previous campaigns