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Excitation of upper hybrid waves associatedwith the ionospheric heating experiments is assumed to be essential inexplaining some of the features of stimulated electromagnetic emissions (SEE). Adirect conversion process is proposed as an excitation mechanism of the upperhybrid waves where the energy of an obliquely propagating electromagnetic pumpwave is converted into the electrostatic upper hybrid waves due to small-scaledensity irregularities. We performed electromagnetic particle-in-cellsimulations to investigate the energy conversion process in the ionosphericheating experiments. We studied dependence of the amplitude of the excited waveon the propagation angle of the pump wave, scale length of the densityirregularity, degree of the irregularity, and thermal velocity of the plasma.The maximum amplitude is found to be 37 of the pump amplitude under an optimumcondition.  <b>Key words.</b> Ionosphere (ionospheric irregularities;plasma waves and instabilities; wave-particle interactions)

Computer simulations for direct conversion of the HF electromagnetic wave into the upper hybrid wave in ionospheric heating experiments