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Dominating global arid environments, from\uddesert to coastal dunes, most Tenebrionidae are highly\udspecific in their habitat preferences and display limited\uddispersal potential, thus exhibiting a remarkable degree of\udregional genetic and morphological differentiation. The\udtenebrionid genus Phaleria is speciose and widely distributed,\udwith P. acuminata and P. bimaculata having a\udwide Mediterranean distribution, with numerous morphological\uddifferentiations at population level, often described\udas different taxa of doubtful taxonomical significance. In\udorder to investigate the variability of the central Mediterranean\udpopulations of P. bimaculata and P. acuminata and\udto compare the results obtained with different identification\udtechniques, these species were sampled on sandy beaches\udin Sicily (southern Italy) and on circum-Sicilian and Maltese\udislands. Collected samples were studied through the\udapplication of geometric morphometrics and the sequencing\udof a fragment of the mitochondrial COII gene. Geometric\udmorphometrics and molecular analyses gave\udcongruent results, allowing a sound separation of the two\udspecies. At the population level, the two species showed\uddifferent patterns. P. acuminata showed a remarkable\udmorphological and molecular homogeneity throughout the\udsampled area. Conversely, two well-characterized subclades\udwere detected within P. bimaculata, and within the\udtwo lineages, a low-to-absent inter-populations differentiation\udwas observed, in spite of the physical isolation of the\udsampled sandy beaches and of their geographical distance.\udThese two P. bimaculata lineages, hereby named ‘‘Tyrrhenian\udsub-clade’’ and ‘‘Southern sub-clade,’’ might be\udcompatible with the hypothesis of subspecific status\udalready proposed for the populations from the Aeolian\udarchipelago (as P. bimaculata marcuzzii Aliquo`)

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Species identification of the psammophilous tenebrionid beetles Phaleria acuminata Küster, 1852 and Phaleria bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1767) from central Mediterranean beaches: geometric morphometrics and molecular insights from species to population level