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Main conclusion The  MIR160  family in  Gossypium hirsutum  and  G. barbadense  was characterized, and miR160a_A05 was found to increase cotton-fiber length by downregulating its target gene ( ARF17 ) and several  GH3  genes. Cotton fiber is the most important raw material for the textile industry. MicroRNAs are involved in regulating cotton-fiber development, but a role in fiber elongation has not been demonstrated. In this study, miR160a was found to be differentially expressed in elongating fibers between two interspecific (between  Gossypium hirsutum  and  G. barbadense ) backcross inbred lines (BILs) with different fiber lengths. The gene  MIR160  colocalized with a previously mapped fiber-length quantitative trait locus. Its target gene  ARF17  was differentially expressed between the two BILs during fiber elongation, but in the inverse fashion. Bioinformatics was used to analyze the  MIR160  family in both  G. hirsutum  and  G. barbadense . Moreover, qRT–PCR analysis identified  MIR160a  as the functional  MIR160  gene encoding the miR160a precursor during fiber elongation. Using virus-induced gene silencing and overexpression, overexpressed  MIR160a_A05  resulted in significantly longer fibers compared with wild type, whereas suppression of miR160 resulted in significantly shorter fibers. Expression levels of the target gene  auxin-response factor 17  ( ARF17 ) and related genes  GH3  in the two BILs and/or the virus-infected plants demonstrated similar changes in response to modulation of miR160a level. Finally, overexpression or suppression of miR160 increased or decreased, respectively, the cellular level of indole-3-acetic acid, which is involved in fiber elongation. These results describe a specific regulatory mechanism for fiber elongation in cotton that can be utilized for future crop improvement.

Analysis of the MIR160 gene family and the role of MIR160a_A05 in regulating fiber length in cotton