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Understanding how dexterity improves with practice is a fundamental challenge of motor control and neurorehabilitation. Here we investigate a ball and beam implementation of a dexterity puzzle in which subjects stabilize a ball at the mid-point of a beam by manipulating the angular position of the beam. Stabilizability analysis of different biomechanical models for the ball and beam task with time-delayed proportional-derivative feedback identified the angular position of the beam as the manipulated variable. Consequently, we monitored the changes in the dynamics with learning by measuring changes in the control parameters. Two types of stable motion are possible: node type (nonoscillatory) and spiral type (oscillatory). Both types of motion are observed experimentally and correspond to well-defined regions in the parameter space of the control gains. With practice the control gains for each subject move close to or on the portion of the boundary which separates the node-type and spiral-type solutions and which is associated with the rightmost characteristic exponent of smallest real part. These observations suggest that with learning the control gains for ball and beam balancing change in such a way that minimizes overshoot and the settling time. This study provides an example of how mathematical analysis together with careful experimental observations can shed light onto the early stages of skill acquisition. Since the difficulty of this task depends on the length of the beam, ball and beam balancing tasks may be useful for the rehabilitation of children with dyspraxia and those recovering from a stroke.

Establishing metrics and control laws for the learning process: ball and beam balancing