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licensed indications—so-called traditional compounds like antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics or in the new nomenclature [9] more specifically according to their main pharmacological properties: serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, alpha-2 receptor antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists, dopamine serotonin antagonists, benzodiazepine receptor agonists, etc. Considering these pharmacological mechanisms allows a more extended use related to syndromal or symptomatic aspects, independent from classificatory clusters [8, 12]. All the pharmacological mechanisms mentioned above apparently involve—among others—also stress-related properties. We thus hope on the development of modern compounds with more specific modes of actions. Especially due to side-effects, adherence can become a problem in single patient, additionally a certain group of compounds can be criticized. Currently, latter is the case with antipsychotics, traditionally also called neuroleptics, in modern terminology the dopamine antagonists and the dopamine serotonin antagonists. These compounds have proven efficacy in reducing positive symptoms in acute schizophrenic episodes plus in the risk of relapses, and to a lesser degree in negative symptoms [8]. Part of their efficacy, especially the relapse preventive capacity, formerly was explained in the frame of the vulnerability stress model. All actually available evidence from randomized control group studies indicates that the long-term medication with antipsychotics substantially reduces the risk of relapse. Alternative strategies like low dose treatment or intermittent treatment with antipsychotics did not reach a comparable level of efficacy. Thus, relapse prevention with continuous long-term use of antipsychotics is seen since longtime as the EBM state of the art, recommended in most guidelines. In recent years, as already sometimes in the past, a discussion on the necessity of principal relapse prevention and an Originally, the vulnerability stress model was developed in the context of schizophrenic psychoses to give a better insight into the complexity of the multifactorial etiopathogenesis of these disorders and to provide a roadmap for different kinds of interventions in terms of psychopharmacological and psychosocial treatments [2, 5, 10, 11]. Later on it seemed adequate to extend this conceptual approach to other mental disorders. In the current issue of EAPC, several papers are related to stress in its diverse manifestations under different conditions and in the context of different mental disorders like schizophrenia (Mihaljevic et al. 2017), depressive disorders (Tollenaar et al. 2017), anxiety disorders (Chin et al. 2017), posttraumatic stress disorder (Cwik et al. 2017) and even stroke (Kronenberg et al. 2017). The authors in their interesting contributions look from different angels on this general topic. This involves clinical perspectives, different neurobiological aspects like genetic variants (FKBP5) in the context of the stress-related HPA-axis-alteration, the role of polymorphisms of the oxytocin gene in the context of early life stress or the description of fMRI alterations in different brain regions. Altogether, these articles forward a better understanding of the complexity of psychosocial and neurobiological factors and underpinnings of mental disorders, which is not mirrored by the clinical classification systems like ICD and DSM-5 [7]. This also applies to the psychopharmacological treatments we can offer our patients with stress-related disorders. Most of these are treated with—according to their

New aspects of the vulnerability stress model in general, its relevance in schizophrenic psychoses and the place of antipsychotics