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Fibrosis is a hallmark of maladaptive cardiac remodelling. Here we report that genome-wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses in recombinant inbred mouse lines of C57BL/6 J and DBA2/J strains identified Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) as genetic marker of fibrosis progression. C57BL/6 N-RKIP −/−  mice demonstrated diminished fibrosis induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or CCl 4  (carbon tetrachloride) treatment compared with wild-type controls. TAC-induced expression of collagen Iα2 mRNA, Ki67 +  fibroblasts and marker of oxidative stress 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-dOHG) +  fibroblasts as well as the number of fibrocytes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow were markedly reduced in C57BL/6 N-RKIP −/−  mice. RKIP-deficient cardiac fibroblasts demonstrated decreased migration and fibronectin production. This was accompanied by a two-fold increase of the nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the main transcriptional activator of antioxidative proteins, and reduced expression of its inactivators. To test the importance of oxidative stress for this signaling, C57BL/6 J mice were studied. C57BL/6 J, but not the C57BL/6 N-strain, is protected from TAC-induced oxidative stress due to mutation of the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase gene (Nnt). After TAC surgery, the hearts of Nnt-deficient C57BL/6 J-RKIP −/−  mice revealed diminished oxidative stress, increased left ventricular (LV) fibrosis and collagen Iα2 as well as enhanced basal nuclear expression of Nrf2. In human LV myocardium from both non-failing and failing hearts, RKIP-protein correlated negatively with the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. In summary, under conditions of Nnt-dependent enhanced myocardial oxidative stress induced by TAC, RKIP plays a maladaptive role for fibrotic myocardial remodeling by suppressing the Nrf2-related beneficial effects.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1007/s00395-018-0700-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Raf kinase inhibitor protein mediates myocardial fibrosis under conditions of enhanced myocardial oxidative stress