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Climate models are often affected by long-term drift that is revealed by theevolution of global variables such as the ocean temperature or the surface airtemperature. This spurious trend reduces the fidelity to initial conditions andhas a great influence on the equilibrium climate after long simulation times.Useful insight on the nature of the climate drift can be obtained using twoglobal metrics, i.e. the energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere and atthe ocean surface. The former is an indicator of the limitations within a givenclimate model, at the level of both numerical implementation and physicalparameterisations, while the latter is an indicator of the goodness of thetuning procedure. Using the MIT general circulation model, we constructdifferent configurations with various degree of complexity (i.e. differentparameterisations for the bulk cloud albedo, inclusion or not of frictionheating, different bathymetry configurations) to which we apply the same tuningprocedure in order to obtain control runs for fixed external forcing where theclimate drift is minimised. We find that the interplay between tuning procedureand different configurations of the same climate model provides crucialinformation on the stability of the control runs and on the goodness of a givenparameterisation. This approach is particularly relevant for constructinggood-quality control runs of the geological past where huge uncertainties arefound in both initial and boundary conditions. We will focus on robust resultsthat can be generally applied to other climate models.

How to reduce long-term drift in present-day and deep-time simulations?