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One of the most exciting elements of the practice of pediatric neurosurgery has been the advances made in the realm of neuro-oncology over the past three decades. Moving from a time in which brain tumors were diagnosed primarily on clinical grounds, the understanding of cellular and molecular events were based on the appearance of paraffin-embedded specimens viewed under glass, the radiological tools necessary to define the extent of the disease were rudimentary, and the surgical technology available to make tumor removal safe and to offer the survivor a reasonable quality of life were rudimentary, we have now moved into a fast-paced arena in which each year brings new research with better understanding of tumor genomics, tumor suppressors and promotors, stem cells, vascular supply, etc. Advances in neuroimaging now allow accurate preoperative diagnosis and staging, image-guided surgery offers improved operative planning and execution, and better postoperative surveillance tools allow earlier detection and more effective treatments for recurrent disease. More sensitive tools now allow earlier detection of secondary events such as learning disabilities, quality of life measures, and hormonal deficits, which can be treated effectively through improved pharmacology. No area of neuro-oncology serves as a better model for these statements than does the treatment of childhood ependymoma. It is anticipated that this compendium will offer current knowledge on the status of ependymoma therapy for the neurosurgeon, that it will correct certain misperceptions related to ependymoma therapy, and that it will give direction for future advances in the treatment of this disease. I would like to thank in advance all of the contributors who spent long hours working on their manuscripts for this Supplement. That those asked to contribute are world leaders in the field of pediatric neuro-oncology becomes apparent as one peruses the table of contents of this journal. There are a number of truths which we can now apply to pediatric ependymoma. First is that in 90% of cases, the disease will be localized at presentation. At that stage, the focal disease process will usually respond to focal treatments [1]. Thus, the days of craniospinal irradiation or even whole brain irradiation for ependymomas should be well F. A. Boop (*) Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA e-mail: faboop@aol.com

Intracranial ependymoma in children: current status and future trends on diagnosis and management