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An experimental method for determination of aerodynamic loads is presented. It is based on velocity vector field results obtained with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). As PIV is an optical measurement technique, the developed method for load determination can be defined as noninvasive. It is shown that the only information needed to estimate the lift and drag forces exerted on a body placed in the flow is a velocity distribution measured around the investigated object. Therefore, PIV results provide sufficient input experimental data to be used. Fundamental fluid mechanics theories were employed to develop algorithms for load estimation. Determination of the lift force is based on velocity circulation calculations. It is obtained by integrating the velocity field along a closed-loop encircling the body. An essential achievement made is the development of a procedure for finding an optimal size of the integration curve used for lift calculations. In the case of the drag force estimation, an analysis of fluid momentum changes has been used. The momentum deficit, within a given control volume containing the analysed aerofoil, is determined and related to the reaction drag force exerted on the body. Additionally, pressure field reconstruction based on velocity data, which enabled an application of small control surfaces and kept the drag estimation error at a satisfactorily low level, was introduced. The developed method was tested and verified with the reference computational fluid dynamics simulation results and applied further to the wind tunnel experimental data. A flow around the standard NACA0012 aerofoil at two flow regimes was investigated (Re=   $$0.7\times 10^5$$  0.7 × 10 5 and Re=   $$1.4\times 10^5$$  1.4 × 10 5 ). Lift and drag coefficient characteristics as a function of the angle of attack were obtained. An exceptional agreement between the experimental and reference numerical lift characteristics was attained (relative differences no larger than 5%). In the case of drag estimation, an acceptable level of similarity was observed (max. discrepancies below 20%). Graphic abstract

experiments in fluids

Velocity data-based determination of airfoil characteristics with circulation and fluid momentum change methods, including a control surface size independence test