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Pixel locking in stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV) is often overlooked, albeit the existence of studies demonstrating an influence on turbulent statistics. Such a bias error occurs when the seeding particles have an image diameter in the range of 1–2 pixels. Together with the advent of superior cameras and more powerful lasers, new image-processing techniques enable large field of views to be examined. Under such circumstances, defocusing is not an option and due to the small nature of the particle image diameter, pixel locking is inherent in the data. This study analyses the contrast between object plane-based and image plane-based approach for cross-correlation in the presence of pixel locking in SPIV. By combining experimental data and synthetic images, the sensitivity of pixel locking on single-point statistics is quantified and a protocol is proposed to tackle such an increasingly prevalent condition. A consequence of pixel locking is the occurrence of Moiré fringes, whose intensity is observed to be enhanced in the presence of particles with an image diameter less than 2 pixels. Such high frequency artifacts are not only receptive to the fill factor of the sensor but also depend on the residual error of the interpolation from image plane to the object plane. This study discusses the origins of Moiré fringes in SPIV and provides a method to mitigate these based on the type of cross-correlation used. Graphic abstract Variation of the difference in RMS between the true value and the derived value from diverse adopted methodologies as the particle image diameter,    $$d_{\tau }$$    d  τincreases. (OP: Object plane cross-correlation, IP: Image plane cross-correlation, IP HE: Image plane cross-correlation post histogram equalisation)

Comparison between object and image plane cross-correlation for stereoscopic PIV in the presence of pixel locking