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Here we discuss the physics of electro-optic modulators deploying 2Dmaterials. We include a scaling laws analysis showing how energy-efficiency andspeed change for three underlying cavity systems as a function of criticaldevice length scaling. A key result is that the energy-per-bit of the modulatoris proportional to the volume of the device, thus making the case forsubmicron-scale modulators possible deploying a plasmonic optical mode. We thenshow how Graphenes Pauli-blocking modulation mechanism is sensitive to thedevice operation temperature, whereby a reduction of the temperature enables a10x reduction in modulator energy efficiency. Furthermore, we show how the highindex tunability of Graphene is able to compensate for the small opticaloverlap factor of 2D-based material modulators, which is unlike classicalSilicon-based dispersion devices. Lastly we demonstrate a novel method towardsa 2D material printer suitable for cross-contamination free and on-demandprinting. The latter paves the way to integrate 2D materials seamlessly intotaped-out photonic chips.

2D Materials in Electro-optic Modulation: energy efficiency, electrostatics, mode overlap, material transfer and integration