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Hybridisation is widespread in coral reef taxa (Richards and Hobbs 2015); however, the processes leading to interbreeding are poorly understood. A breakdown in assortative mating is commonly implicated in hybridisation of reef fishes, and although mixed-species groups are often recorded, interbreeding is rarely observed (Hobbs and Salmond 2008). Interbreeding could occur unintentionally (accidental hybridisation), or through the deliberate actions of one (sneak spawning) or both parent species (disassortative mate choice). Molecular studies reveal a history of hybridisation among pygmy angelfishes (DiBattista et al. 2016). These fishes form discrete harems comprised of one large male and multiple smaller females. During field trips to Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) in September 2015, April 2016 and June 2017, we observed interbreeding between Centropyge flavissima, C. eibli and C. vrolikii. Wevisited 19mixed-species haremsandobserved themale courted and then sequentially spawned with each of the females in his harem (Fig. 1a; electronic supplementary material, ESM). Across the haremsweobservedeverymating combination involvingmales and females of each species and their hybrids (Fig. 1b: ESM). The mixed-species harems we observed have been stable (same location and harem members) for 1–6 yrs. Monitoring of six harems revealed interbreeding occurred on consecutive days and across multiple years. We conclude that members of the mixed-species harems repeatedly choose to interbreed with other species. Introgression identified in the genes of these three species (DiBattista et al. 2016) can be explained by the ongoing breakdown in assortative mating caused by disassortative mate choice. References

Breakdown in assortative mating leads to hybrid swarm in pygmy angelfishes