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In the face of serious infectious diseases, governments endeavour toimplement containment measures such as public vaccination at a macroscopiclevel. Meanwhile, individuals tend to protect themselves by avoiding contactswith infections at a microscopic level. However, a comprehensive understandingof how such combined strategy influences epidemic dynamics is still lacking. Westudy a susceptible-infected-susceptible epidemic model with imperfectvaccination on dynamic contact networks, where the macroscopic intervention isrepresented by random vaccination of the population and the microscopicprotection is characterised by susceptible individuals rewiring contacts frominfective neighbours. In particular, the model is formulated both inpopulations without and then with demographic effects. Using the pairwiseapproximation and the probability generating function approach, we investigateboth dynamics of the epidemic and the underlying network. For populationswithout demography, the emerging degree correlations, bistable states, andoscillations demonstrate the combined effects of the public vaccination programand individual protective behavior. Compared to either strategy in isolation,the combination of public vaccination and individual protection is moreeffective in preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases byincreasing both the invasion threshold and the persistence threshold. Forpopulations with additional demographic factors, the integration betweenvaccination intervention and individual rewiring may promote epidemic spreadingdue to the birth effect. Moreover, the degree distributions of both networks inthe steady state is closely related to the degree distribution of newborns,which leads to uncorrelated connectivity. All the results demonstrate theimportance of both local protection and global intervention, as well as thedemographic effects.

Prevention of infectious diseases by public vaccination and individual protection