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Background In vivo and ex vivo simulation training workshops can contribute to surgical skill acquisition but require validation before becoming incorporated within curricula. Ideally, that validation should include the following: face, content, construct, concurrent, and predictive validity. Methods During two in vivo porcine surgical training workshops, 27 participants completed questionnaires relating to face and content validity of porcine in vivo flap elevation. Six participants’ performances raising a pedicled myocutaneous latissimus dorsi (LD) flap in the pig (2 experts and 4 trainees) were sequentially and objectively assessed for construct validity with hand motion analysis (HMA), a performance checklist, a blinded randomized procedure-specific rating scale of standardized video recordings, and flap viability by fluorescence imaging. Results Face and content validity were demonstrated straightforwardly. Construct validity was demonstrated for average procedure time by HMA between trainees and experts ( p  = 0.036). Skill acquisition was demonstrated by trainees’ HMA average number of hand movements ( p  = 0.046) and fluorescence flap viability ( p  = 0.034). Conclusion Face and content validity for in vivo porcine flap elevation simulation training were established. Construct validity was established for an in vivo porcine latissimus dorsi flap elevation simulation specifically. Predictive validity will prove more challenging to establish. Level of evidence: Not ratable .

Validation of an in vivo porcine simulation model of pedicled latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap elevation