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A number of studies have suggested that olfaction plays an important role in fish migration. Fish use several distinct families of olfactory receptors to detect environmental odorants, including MORs (main olfactory receptors), V1Rs (vomeronasal type-1 receptors), V2Rs (vomeronasal type-2 receptors), TAARs (trace amine-associated receptors), and FPRs (formyl peptide receptors). The V1Rs have been reported to detect pheromones, and a pheromone hypothesis for the spawning migration of anadromous fish has been proposed. Examining whether  Coilia nasus  relies on V1R-mediated olfaction for spawning migration is important for understanding the molecular basis of spawning migration behavior. Here, we explored the V1R gene family in anadromous  C. nasus . Six V1R genes previously reported in other teleost fish were successfully identified. Interestingly, we detected the largest V1R repertoire in teleost fish from  C. nasus  and identified a species-specific expansion event of V1R3 gene that has previously been detected as single-copy genes in other teleost fish. The V1R loci were found to be populated with repetitive sequences, especially in the expanded V1R3 genes. Additionally, the divergence of V1R3 genetic structures in different populations of  C. nasus  indicates the copy number variation (CNV) in V1R3 gene among individuals of  C. nasus . Most of the putative  C. nasus  V1R genes were expressed primarily in the olfactory epithelium, consistent with the role of the gene products as functional olfactory receptors. Significant differences in the expression levels of V1R genes were detected between the anadromous and non-anadromous  C. nasus . This study represents a first step in the elucidation of the olfactory communication system of  C. nasus  at the molecular level. Our results indicate that some V1R genes may be involved in the spawning migration of  C. nasus , and the study provides new insights into the spawning migration and genome evolution of  C. nasus .   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00227-016-2896-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Identification of a uniquely expanded V1R (ORA) gene family in the Japanese grenadier anchovy (Coilia nasus)