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Recent research has shown that systematic postural adjustments occur during periods of manual motor imagery (MI), but the timing (anticipatory or reactive) and directionality (against or in the direction of arm extension) of these postural motions relative to individual manual actions or imagery are not well understood. This study analyzed the anteroposterior hip and head motion of healthy young and older participants, while they imagined bilateral arm raises under self-initiated or environmentally triggered performance conditions. When MI was self-initiated, both age groups showed significant forward postural motion during the second prior to MI initiation. When MI (or physical arm movement) was environmentally triggered, however, older people did not show anticipatory forward postural motion, but did show compensatory backward head motion. These results suggest that manual MI is indeed accompanied by anticipatory postural motion, but this anticipation is attenuated in older people when they do not have control over the timing of manual movement onset.

Age-related differences in postural adjustments during limb movement and motor imagery in young and older adults