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Love and addiction: the devil is in the differences: a commentary on " The behavioral, anatomical and pharmacological parallels between social attachment, love and addiction. " In their review in the current special issue, Burkett and Young (2012) describe the striking similarities that are observed between attachment and addiction. The idea of love as an addictive drug has been described in art and literature across the ages, as well as by modern scientists (Insel 2003; MacLean 1990). Recent advances have demonstrated that both attachment figures and drugs of abuse are highly rewarding stimuli that lead to long-term changes in physiology and behavior, often utilizing the same neural substrates. The review is thorough and intriguing; however, focusing too narrowly on the similarities between attachment and addiction may hinder our broader understanding of their individual biology as well as their interactions. Indeed, there are significant ways in which addiction and attachment differ, and these merit consideration. Although a full review and discussion of these differences is beyond the scope of this commentary, we provide examples in each neurobiology and behavior. There is compelling evidence that drugs of abuse and social partners activate and alter common neurotransmitter systems (as reviewed in Burkett and Young 2012). For example, repeated amphetamine and pair bonding each increase dopa-mine D1 receptors (D1R) in the nucleus accumbens (Aragona et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2010). However, only amphetamine leads to accumulation of ΔFosB (Hostetler and Bales 2012), a transcription factor found in D1R-containing neurons of the nucleus accumbens that has been strongly implicated in neural plasticity following repeated natural and drug reward (Nestler 2008). This suggests that the changes in D1R following pair bonding are induced via mechanisms that are independent of addiction-related processes. Addiction is partially characterized by a reduction in the rewarding properties of stimuli that are not the drug of abuse (Ahmed and Koob 2005). Similarly, reduced responsiveness to rewarding non-social stimuli has been observed in pair-bonded voles and maternal dams (Ferris et al. 2005; Liu et al. 2011; Mattson et al. 2001). In contrast, male titi monkeys that are housed with a pairmate show increased preference and consumption of a rewarding beverage (Ragen et al. 2012). These findings indicate that shifts in reward response following attachment are not universal, and there is a need for more research across an array of species and behaviors. These examples are quite specific, but fundamental and significant differences …

psychopharmacology/psychopharmacologia

Love and addiction: the devil is in the differences: a commentary on “The behavioral, anatomical and pharmacological parallels between social attachment, love and addiction.”