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We give two characterizations, one for the class of generalized Young measures generated by    $${{\,\mathrm{{\mathcal {A}}}\,}}$$  A -free measures and one for the class generated by    $${\mathcal {B}}$$  B -gradient measures    $${\mathcal {B}}u$$  B u . Here,    $${{\,\mathrm{{\mathcal {A}}}\,}}$$  A and    $${\mathcal {B}}$$  B are linear homogeneous operators of arbitrary order, which we assume satisfy the constant rank property. The first characterization places the class of generalized    $${\mathcal {A}}$$  A -free Young measures in duality with the class of    $${{\,\mathrm{{\mathcal {A}}}\,}}$$  A -quasiconvex integrands by means of a well-known Hahn–Banach separation property. The second characterization establishes a similar statement for generalized    $${\mathcal {B}}$$  B -gradient Young measures. Concerning applications, we discuss several examples that showcase the failure of    $$\mathrm {L}^1$$  L 1 -compensated compactness when concentration of mass is allowed. These include the failure of    $$\mathrm {L}^1$$  L 1 -estimates for elliptic systems and the lack of rigidity for a version of the two-state problem. As a byproduct of our techniques we also show that, for any bounded open set    $$\Omega $$  Ω , the inclusions    $$\begin{aligned} \mathrm {L}^1(\Omega ) \cap \ker {\mathcal {A}}&amp;\hookrightarrow {\mathcal {M}}(\Omega ) \cap \ker {{\,\mathrm{{\mathcal {A}}}\,}}\,,\\ \{{\mathcal {B}}u\in \mathrm {C}^\infty (\Omega )\}&amp;\hookrightarrow \{{\mathcal {B}}u\in {\mathcal {M}}(\Omega )\} \end{aligned}$$  L 1 ( Ω ) ∩ ker A ↪ M ( Ω ) ∩ ker A , { B u ∈ C ∞ ( Ω ) } ↪ { B u ∈ M ( Ω ) } are dense with respect to the area-functional convergence of measures.

Characterization of Generalized Young Measures Generated by $${\mathcal {A}}$$-free Measures