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Printed and hybrid integrated electronics produced from recycled andrenewable materials can reduce the depletion of limited material resources whileobtaining energy savings in small electronic applications and their energy storage.In this work, bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and recycled polyethyleneterephthalate (rPET) were fabricated in film extrusion process and utilized as asubstrate in ultra-thin organic photovoltaics (OPV). In the device structure, metalsand metal oxides were replaced by printing PEDOT:PSS, carbon and aminoacid/heterocycles. Scalable, energy-efficient fabrication of solar cells resulted inefficiencies up to 6.9% under indoor light. Furthermore, virgin-PET was replacedwith PLA and rPET in printed and hybrid integrated electronics where surface-mountdevices (SMD) were die-bonded onto silver-printed PLA and virgin-PET films toprepare LED foils followed by an overmoulding process using the rPET and PLA. As aresult, higher relative adhesion of PLA-PLA interface was obtained in comparisonwith rPET-PET interface. The obtained results are encouraging from the point ofutilization of scalable manufacturing technologies and natural/recycled materials inprinted and hybrid integrated electronics. Assessment showed a considerable decreasein carbon footprint, about 10–85%, mainly achieved through replacing of silver,virgin-PET and modifying solar cell structure. In outdoor light, the materials withlow carbon footprint can decrease energy payback times (EPBT) from ca. 250 days tounder 10 days. In indoor energy harvesting, it is possible to achieve EPBT of lessthan 1 year. The structures produced and studied herein have a high potential ofproviding sustainable energy solutions for example in IoT-relatedtechnologies.

Printed and hybrid integrated electronics using bio-based and recycled materials—increasing sustainability with greener materials and technologies