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We review results from cosmic X-ray surveys of active galactic nuclei (AGNs)over the past ~ 15 yr that have dramatically improved our understanding ofgrowing supermassive black holes in the distant universe. First, we discuss theutility of such surveys for AGN investigations and the capabilities of themissions making these surveys, emphasizing Chandra, XMM-Newton, and NuSTAR.Second, we briefly describe the main cosmic X-ray surveys, the essential rolesof complementary multiwavelength data, and how AGNs are selected from thesesurveys. We then review key results from these surveys on the AGN populationand its evolution ("demographics"), the physical processes operating in AGNs("physics"), and the interactions between AGNs and their environments("ecology"). We conclude by describing some significant unresolved questionsand prospects for advancing the field.

Cosmic X-ray Surveys of Distant Active Galaxies: The Demographics, Physics, and Ecology of Growing Supermassive Black Holes