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Key message  Rose has 19 MLO genes. Of these, RhMLO1 and RhMLO2 were shown to be required for powdery mildew infection, which suggests their potential as susceptibility targets towards disease resistance.Abstract  Powdery mildew, caused by  Podosphaera pannosa , is one of the most serious and widespread fungal diseases for roses, especially in greenhouse-grown cut roses. It has been shown that certain  MLO  genes are involved in powdery mildew susceptibility and that loss of function in these genes in various crops leads to broad-spectrum, long-lasting resistance against this fungal disease. For this reason, these  MLO  genes are called susceptibility genes. We carried out a genome-wide identification of the  MLO  gene family in the  Rosa chinensis  genome, and screened for allelic variants among 22 accessions from seven different  Rosa  species using re-sequencing and transcriptome data. We identified 19  MLO  genes in rose, of which four are candidate genes for functional homologs in clade V, which is the clade containing all dicot  MLO  susceptibility genes. We detected a total of 198 different allelic variants in the set of  Rosa  species and accessions, corresponding to 5–15 different alleles for each of the genes. Some diploid  Rosa  species shared alleles with tetraploid rose cultivars, consistent with the notion that diploid species have contributed to the formation of tetraploid roses. Among the four  RhMLO  genes in clade V, we demonstrated using expression study, virus-induced gene silencing as well as transient RNAi silencing that two of them,  RhMLO1  and  RhMLO2 , are required for infection by  P. pannosa  and suggest their potential as susceptibility targets for powdery mildew resistance breeding in rose.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00122-021-03838-7.

Analysis of allelic variants of RhMLO genes in rose and functional studies on susceptibility to powdery mildew related to clade V homologs