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Size-advantage and low-density models have been used to explain how mating systems favor hermaphroditism or gonochorism. However, these models do not indicate historical transitions in sexuality. Here, we investigate the evolution of bidirectional sex change and gonochorism by phylogenetic analysis using the mitochondrial gene of the gobiids  Trimma  (31 species),  Priolepis  (eight species), and  Trimmatom  (two species).  Trimma  and  Priolepis  formed a clade within the sister group  Trimmatom . Gonadal histology and rearing experiments revealed that  Trimma marinae ,  Trimma nasa , and  Trimmatom  spp. were gonochoric, whereas all other  Trimma  and  Priolepis  spp. were bidirectional sex changers or inferred ones. A maximum-likelihood reconstruction analysis demonstrated that the common ancestor of the three genera was gonochoristic. Bidirectional sex change probably evolved from gonochorism in a common ancestor of  Trimma  and  Priolepis.  As the gonads of bidirectional sex changers simultaneously contain mature ovarian and immature testicular components or vice versa, individuals are always potentially capable of functioning as females or males, respectively. Monogamy under low-density conditions may have been the ecological condition for the evolution of bidirectional sex change in a common ancestor. As  T. marinae  and  T. nasa  are a monophyletic group, gonochorism should have evolved from bidirectional sex change in a common ancestor.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00114-017-1434-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Evolution of bidirectional sex change and gonochorism in fishes of the gobiid genera Trimma, Priolepis, and Trimmatom