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Vietnam has made significant progress relating to the health status of its people and has achieved several healthrelated Millennium Development Goals such as the reduction of infant, under-five, and maternal mortality. These improvements in health outcomes have resulted from the developments in social, economic and health care conditions in Vietnam. However, Vietnam still faces many challenges regarding the protection and promotion of human health, as the country is now facing the burdens of diseases, adverse impacts on the environment, aging trends, the inadequate capacity of health system, and problems of inequities in health and health care. The increase in non-communicable problems in Vietnam was demonstrated by the longitudinal research of LeThi et al. (2016). Students who were victimized often, as well as those who were classified as highly involved as both victims and bullies, during one or both surveys, showed significantly higher levels of depression, psychological distress, and suicidal ideation than other students. Persistent and frequent bullying was strongly linked with poor mental health for males and females (Le et al. 2016). There are also significant environmental health issues in Vietnam. Tuyet-Hanh et al. (2016) traced the presence of legal livestock feed antibiotics to pork meat, liver and kidney in wet markets in Nghe An and Hung Yen provinces. The risk associated with microbial contamination in pork is significant. Dang-Xuan et al. (2016) used quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to estimate an 17.7% annual incidence rate of salmonellosis in humans who consumed boiled pork in urban Hung Yen province. Le-Thi et al. (2016) also used QMRA to show that the annual diarrhea risks caused by exposure to three pathogens (E. coli O157:H7, G. lamblia, and C. parvum) in biogas effluent were much higher than the acceptable risk proposed by WHO (reference level of 10-3 as annual risk) for wastewater reuse in agriculture. Vu-Van et al. (2016) showed that the addition of locally available materials (lime, and rice husk) to human feaces during storage can help deactivate Ascaris lumbricoides eggs more quickly to achieve a safe reuse of human feaces as fertilizers after 3 months. Winkler et al. (2016) employed a health impact assessment (HIA) approach that indicated, from a public health perspective, the reuse of liquid and solid waste as a means to recover water and nutrients and to produce energy, has considerable potential for health benefits if appropriately managed and tailored to local contexts. To address health problems and improve the health status of Vietnamese populations, evidence-based public health interventions are needed. Dang et al. (2016) showed that pre-treatment factors such as height, weight, Hepatitis B vaccination and platelet infusion made a significant difference between the treatment failure or success of HIV patients. In addition, the starting age of treatment, CD4 percentage, and opportunistic infection were found to significantly predict treatment outcome, implying the importance of clinical markers in the treatment response. This editorial is part of the supplement ‘‘Health and social determinants of health in Vietnam: local evidence and international implications’’.