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This structural and petrological study examines relationships between Alpine deformation and metamorphism in the Camughera-Moncucco, Antrona and northeastern Monte Rosa units, and it correlates major late stage deformation structures, such as the Vanzone antiform and Simplon normal fault. D1/D2 deformation and related top-N or top-NW thrusting started under high-pressure conditions (12.5–16 kbar) at relatively high temperatures (c. 620–700°C). Petrological and structural data, together with published radiometric data, suggest that top-SE shearing within the structural top of the high-pressure units in the upper Penninic Alps is coeval with top-N or top-NW thrusting at their structural base. This suggests differential ascent of high-pressure units relative to the surrounding units during nappe stacking and associated crustal shortening. Barrovian metamorphism in the upper Penninic Alps is related to a first phase of backfolding, active between c. 35 Ma and c. 29-26 Ma ago (D3). D3 involves dextral shearing, combined with top-WSW shearing and orogen-parallel extension. Unroofing by orogen-parallel extension delays cooling during decompression and leads to isothermal decompression after the high-pressure stage. Towards deeper structural levels in the east, D3 deformation becomes progressively younger and prevailed at increasingly higher temperatures. Hence, compared to the higher structural levels further west, the brittle-ductile transition occurs later in the Ossola valley. Masera synform and Brevettola antiform form an open fold pair and represent the eastern continuation of the major Vanzone antiform (D4). Normal faulting across the Simplon line overlaps in time with the formation of these major D4 backfolds. Displacement along the Simplon normal fault decreases to insignificant values towards the southeast. Contemporaneous dextral shearing, however, occurs within the southern limbs of the Vanzone and Brevettola antiforms.

Structural and metamorphic evolution of the Camughera – Moncucco, Antrona and Monte Rosa units southwest of the Simplon line,Western Alps