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The forward $\eta$ mesons production has been observed by the Large HadronCollider forward (LHCf) experiment in proton-proton collision at $\sqrt{s}$=13TeV. This paper presents the measurement of the inclusive production rate of$\eta$ in $p_T<$ 1.1 GeV/c, expressed as a function of the Feynman-x variable.These results are compared with the predictions of several hadronic interactionmodels commonly used for the modelling of the air showers produced byultra-high energy cosmic rays. This is both the first measurement of $\eta$mesons from LHCf and the first time a particle containing strange quarks hasbeen observed in the forward region for high-energy collisions. These resultswill provide a powerful constraint on hadronic interaction models for thepurpose of improving the understanding of the processes underlying the airshowers produced in the Earth's atmosphere by ultra-energetic cosmic rays.

Measurement of the forward $\eta$ meson production rate in p-p collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=13 TeV with the LHCf-Arm2 detector