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U(1) gauge symmetries in F-theory are expected to manifest themselves ascodimension three singularities of Calabi-Yau fourfolds. However, some of theseare known to become massive at strong coupling via the St\"uckelberg mechanism.In this note, we propose a geometric picture for detecting all U(1)'s, anddetermining which ones are massive and which ones are massless. We find thatmassive gauge symmetries show up as codimension three singularities that onlyadmit small, non-K\"ahler, resolutions. Our proposal passes several highlynon-trivial tests, including a case with a non-diagonal mass matrix.

The fate of U(1)'s at strong coupling in F-theory