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The majority of the present knowledge of the three-dimensional kinematic behavior of skeletal joints has been acquired in studies employing cadaveric models using invasive procedures. In the wrist, the small size and complex motion of the carpal bones present a difficult challenge for an invasive kinematic analysis or external marker system. This paper describes an approach to quantify the three-dimensional kinematics of the wrist and carpal bones in vivo, using non-invasive computed tomographic (CT) imaging. The applications of this method include quantification of normal wrist motion, analysis of pathomechanics, and evaluation of surgical intervention. The approach is also applicable to other joints and imaging modalities.

Three-dimensional joit kinematics using bone surface registration: A computer assisted approach with an application to the wrist joint in vivo