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The health status of Icelandic domestic animals is greatly affected by the isolated geographic location of Iceland in the northern Atlantic Ocean and a very restrictive import policy regarding agricultural products and animals, i.e., import of cattle has been prohibited since 1882. Specifically, several important bovine abortifacients including Brucella abortus, Tritrichomonas fetus, Campylobacter fetus, ssp. venerea/is, Leptospira interrogans serovar hadjo, bovine herpesvirus type 1, and bovine viral diarrhoe virus have never been found in lceland (Sigurdsson 2000). A diagnostic survey of aborted and prematurely delivered calves in Iceland has never been performed. Therefore, the prevalences of lesions and abortifacients in such a material are unknown. As the aetiology of prenatal mortality in cattle depends on the occurrence of both infectious and non-infectious abortifacients as well as management and environmental factors, studies on the causes of prenatal losses can generally not be adapted from one geographic region to another. Therefore, a preliminary investigation was conducted to obtain knowledge on the aetiology of prenatal mortality in Icelandic cattle. Cattle breeders and veterinary practitiOners were requested to submit aborted foetuses and stillborn premature calves for free-of-charge laboratory examination at the University of Iceland from March to September 2002 . Gestation age was initially estimated by crown-rump length (Noden & Lahunta 1985) and when available compared to date of insemination. The calves were necropsied and specimens of brain, lung, heart, liver, and foetal placenta were fixed by immersion in I 0% neutral buffered formalin for histological examination. Tissue blocks were prepared by standard procedures, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 7 J.lm (brain) or 3 f.!m (other tissues), and stained by haematoxylin and eosin. Additional staining methods including McManus' method for glycogen (PAS), Mallory's phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin method (PTAH), Masson's trichrome method, Kossa's method for calcium, Perls' method for iron, and Grocott's method for fungi were applied when indicated by the presence of lesions. Additionally, placental sections with necrotising lesions were examined for antigens of Candida albicans, Aspergillu~· fumigatus, and Absidia corymbifera by immunohistochemistry according to Jensen (1994).

Preliminary Diagnostic Survey on Causes of Prenatal Mortality in lcelandic Cattle