English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

To the Editor: Racemic bupivacaine, when injected intravascularly, is associated with serious cardiac complications1 such as ventricular fibrillation resistant to successful resuscitation. No such serious outcome was reported hitherto with levobupivacaine. The present case reports the accidental intravascular injection of a combination of levobupivacaine and lidocaine used for axillary brachial plexus blockade. A 35-yr-old patient was admitted to the hospital for orthopedic surgery. Following premedication with midazolam (4 mg) and placement of all monitors, he received an axillary plexus block by the transarterial approach using a mixture of lidocaine 2% (20 mL) and levobupivacaine 0.75% (20 mL). Twenty-five millilitres of the local anesthetic mixture was deposited posterior and 15 mL anterior to the axillary artery. Briefly after deposition and without showing signs of light central nervous system (CNS) toxicity (lightheadedness, tinnitus, metallic taste), the patient exhibited three interrupted episodes of tonic-clonic seizures, each lasting for about three seconds and eventually resulting in unconsciousness. The patient’s heart rate (HR) showed a sinus tachycardia of 160 beats·min–1, the blood pressure (BP) increased to 180/120 mmHg and the SPO2 decreased to 40% within one minute. For seizure control, the patient was given 5 mg of midazolam and 100 mg of propofol iv. Following mask ventilation with 100% oxygen, he was intubated and brought to the postanesthesia care unit. His vital signs stabilized within 30 min (BP 103/74, HR 84, SPO2 97%) without further pharmacologic support and he was extubated. Two hours after extubation, he was alert and oriented and discharged to home. The patient did not show signs of sensory and motor blockade. A recent case report of an accidental intravascular injection following epidural anesthesia with 19 mL of levobupivacaine 0.75% resulted in only minor CNS side effects (drowsiness, slurred speech) and, most importantly, no cardiac sequelae.2 Plasma levels were not taken until 14 min after epidural injection, still they revealed a toxic range of levobupivaciane that, most likely, was substantially higher immediately after its intravascular administration. Though the severity of side effects remains unknown had racemic bupivacaine been administered in this patient, previous reports hint at a more serious outcome after racemic bupivacaine 0.75%.1 Similarly, no cardiac effects other than a sinus tachycardia occurred in this young and otherwise healthy patient. It appears that levobupivacaine is a safer drug than racemic bupivacaine, still vigilance and the laws of regional anesthesia (slow and intermittent injections, frequent aspirations) need to be practiced to take advantage of levobupivacaine’s wider margin of safety.

Accidental intravascular injection of levobupivacaine and lidocaine during the transarterial approach to the axillary brachial plexus