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Scavenging seabirds in the North Sea exploit discards with different success and by different feeding techniques. Northern gannet (Sula bassana) had the highest foraging success index, followed by lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus) and black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), mew gull (Larus canus) and black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus) were the least successful species. Ranking species according to the ratio of fish stolen from vs. lost to other species (=robbery index), northern gannet, great black-backed gull (Larus marinus) and great skua (Catharacta skua) were at the top, northern fulmar and black-legged kittiwake at the bottom. Varying compositions of the feeding flocks influenced the foraging success of the species significantly. Both body length and body mass of the birds can well explain species order in the robbery index but not in the foraging success index. Our hypothesis that the most successful species employ particular feeding techniques and/or exhibit the strongest kleptoparasitic abilities could be confirmed to a large extent but not totally. During reduced overall feeding rates, some less successful species and/or species with weaker kleptoparasitic capabilities fared better than during intense feeding rates as predicted, some others did not.

Foraging success, kleptoparasitism and feeding techniques in scavenging seabirds: does crime pay?