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The enormous number of t ransmigrat ing and breeding birds on Helgoland had for hundreds of years been the major source of food for the inhabi tants of the formerly Danish island (Stresemann, 1967). At the beg inn ing of the 19th century, many natural history collections were established in Europe, and with this an interest in bird taxidermy developed. After the occupation of the island by the British in 1807, an island craftsman, Erich J. Koopmann (t 1835), a round 1820, began collecting skins for a n u m b e r of museums. Visiting scientists (Stresemann, 1967, p. 421) like Johann Friedrich N a u m a n n (1780-1857), drew attention to Helgoland, which had slowly been developing into a seaside resort since 1826; the island now became very popular among ornithologists. Even the secretary to the British Governer and wel l -known painter of seascapes Heinrich G~itke (1814-1897) a resident of Helgoland since 1837 could not resist the attraction of ornithology. He started independen t ly collecting rare birds in 1843, for both scientific and artistic purposes. His exact observations were reflected in his well-written, famous book "Die Vogelwarte Helgoland" (G~itke, 1891); the second edition with drawings by the author and additions by Rudolf Blasius, was fortunately reprinted on the initiative of Gottfried Vauk in 1987, and is still available. We are also very much indebted to Herbert Ringleben for his evaluat ion of this book and his comments on the observation of some rare birds on Helgoland (Ringleben, 1969), The book consists of three parts. The first deals with the migrat ion of birds (2nd. ed., 3-153), the second with the changing of colours without moult (157-170), and the last and most important is a catalogue of about 400 species of birds seen on Helgoland (173-636). The term "Vogelwarte" created by G~tke be tween 1879 and 1883, probably as an analogy to "Sternwarte", (Ringleben, 1958J became very popular and was adopted in 1901 by Johannes T h i e n e m a n n (1863-1938), the founder of the "Vogelwarte Rossitten" (Thienemann, 1927). Even before the island became part of the German Reich in 1890. G~tke had, for private reasons, been negot ia t ing the sale of his bird collection with the British Museum of Natural History in London. Archival research by Dr. Petra W e m e r has thrown ne w light on the circumstances of how the Prussian State succeeded in purchasing this wonderful collection for the amount of thirteen thousand Marks This collection, as well as G~tke's other botanic and

Ornithology on the island of Helgoland and the role of the Biologische Anstalt up to the foundation of the separate “Vogelwarte”