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The organism as an open system and the organism as a system with an automatic adjustment, these are the two main contemporary schemes of theoretical physiology. However, these schemes, in spite of being synthetic in comparison to the models formerly proposed, are analytic according to the requirements of biological thinking. Some other schemes have to be integrated as strong heuristic means, for instance, the scheme of circuits generating oscillations of relaxation. The notions of “substance, energy, information” constitute a methodological triad which systematically can be used examining the great problems of life. “Energy” is a mediatory term which was to be recognized as possessing a working function and an informational one (as a signal). We propose to distinguish between structural and operational information on the one hand and between bounded and free (or brought up to date) information on the other hand. The living substance is “impregnated” with information, owing to a constant expense of energy. Adaptation, habituation, homeostasis, evolution — all these notions lend themselves to a more coherent analysis from the proposed point of view, as is demonstrated by examples.

The methodological triad: substance, energy, information — a basis of a theoretical physiology