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The effects of c and rd on jump-out and one-way avoidance learning were examined using both inbred strains and test crosses. Neither gene was found to retard either escape or avoidance performance in the jump-out task, although rd led to less accurate jumping. One-way performance, which required running through a small hole in a wall, was greatly disrupted in mice homozygous for rd; both escape latencies and learning rate were slower than those of mice with normal retinas. Two inbred strains with albinism did poorly on the one-way task, but no deleterious effects of c on one-way performance were detected in several test crosses. The absence of an albinism effect was not surprising, since all training was given under dim red light

Contributions of the genes albinism (c) and retinal degeneration (rd) to a strain-by-training procedure interaction in avoidance learning