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Potential exposure to pesticide residues resulting from burning wood treated with phenoxy and pyridine herbicides was assessed. Wood samples from trees treated with 2,4-D [2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid], dicamba [3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid], dichlorprop [2-(2,4-dichlorphenoxy) propionic acid], picloram [4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid], and triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyri dinyl)oxy acetic acid contained variable amounts of parent compound residues at 4, 8, and 12 months after application. At the time of the latter sampling, residues of 2,4-D, dicamba, and picloram were <2.1 mg/kg on a fresh weight basis. Mean residue concentrations of triclopyr and dichlorprop were somewhat higher at 3.5 and 13.0 mg/kg, respectively. In a laboratory experiment, samples with known amounts of herbicide residue were subjected to either slow or rapidly burning conditions in a tube furnace. During slow combustion, relatively stable compounds such as 2,4-D, dicamba, and dichlorprop were released in significant amounts. Rapid combustion greatly enhanced decomposition of 2,4-D, dicamba, dichlorprop, picloram, and triclopyr. A well-developed fire in a wood stove or fireplace, with active flaming combustion, where temperatures commonly reach 800–l,000°C, should result in greater than 95% thermal decomposition of the herbicides examined in this study. Burning of herbicide-treated wood under smoldering conditions could result in very low levels of herbicide residue in ambient indoor air. However, the exposure levels are less than 0.3% of the threshold limit value for 2,4-D and triclopyr. The exposure is also more than 3 orders of magnitude lower than the established acceptable daily intakes for these products.

Suitability of hardwoods treated with phenoxy and pyridine herbicides for use as firewood