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Rates of movement of surface films and underlying water were measured using observable solid and liquid tracers. Water flow rate, surface width, water depth, and channel length were varied in flumes in which the water was allowed to flow over a broad weir crest at the tail end. In some runs the surface was blocked 5 cm in front of the weir. When this was done, velocity of the surface film immediately upstream from the block decreased to a small fraction of its previous value and this area of slow surface velocity built upstream with time, extending to as far as several meters under steady state conditions. In this reach, the film at the air-water interface of the water causes drag on the moving water similar to that at a solid-water interface.

Surface films affecting velocity profiles of slowly moving water in open channels