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Three fitness components (egg-to-adult viability, female fecundity, and male mating capacity) are studied in Drosophila pseudoobscura under four environmental conditions (optimal or marginal temperature; optimal or competitive density). The experimental flies differ in their genotypes at two gene loci coding for enzymes: the sex-linked Pgm-I and the fourthchromosome Mdh-2. The Pgm-I locus is highly polymorphic in natural populations (heterozygosity approaching 50%); the Mdh-2 locus moderately so (heterozygosity around 10%). Two alleles, most common in nature, are studied at each locus. A sample of 1,140 wild females was used to extract lines with the desired genotypes. A total of 80 independent lines homozygous at both the Pgm-I and Mdh-2 loci were obtained, 20 lines for each of the four double homozygotes; heterozygotes at one or both loci were obtained by intercrossing lines homozygous for different alleles. Genotype at the Pm-1 locus has significant fitness effects for egg-to-adult survival under all conditions tested; at the Mdh-2 locus the effects are significant under competitive conditions at either temperature, but not under optimal density. At both loci the fitness effects are significantly different when the environmental conditions are different. Significant differences exist for fecundity among the Mdh-2 genotypes at the marginal but not at the optimal temperature; none exist among the Pgm-1 genotypes at either temperature. No significant genotypic differences exist for male mating capacity. The demonstration of fitness differences among genotypes and of fitness

Temperature and density effects on fitness at the Mdh-2 and Pgm-1 loci of Drosophila pseudoobscura