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The burgeoning of misleading or false information spread by untrustworthywebsites has, without doubt, created a dangerous concoction. Thus, it is not asurprise that the threat posed by untrustworthy websites has emerged as acentral concern on the public agenda in many countries, including Czechia andSlovakia. However, combating this harmful phenomenon has proven to bedifficult, with approaches primarily focusing on tackling consequences insteadof prevention, as websites are routinely seen as quasi-sovereign organisms.Websites, however, rely upon a host of service providers, which, in a way, holdsubstantial power over them. Notwithstanding the apparent power hold by suchtech stack layers, scholarship on this topic remains largely limited. Thisarticle contributes to this small body of knowledge by providing afirst-of-its-kind systematic mapping of the back-end infrastructural supportthat makes up the tech stacks of Czech and Slovak untrustworthy websites. Ourapproach is based on collecting and analyzing data on top-level domainoperators, domain name Registrars, email providers, web hosting providers, andutilized website tracking technologies of 150 Czech and Slovak untrustworthywebsites. Our findings show that the Czech and Slovak untrustworthy websitelandscape relies on a vast number of back-end services spread across multiplecountries, but in key tech stack layers is nevertheless still heavily dominatedby locally based companies. Finally, given our findings, we discuss variouspossible avenues of utilizing the numeral tech stack layers in combating onlinedisinformation.

Examining the tech stacks of Czech and Slovak untrustworthy websites