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Heart tube elongation occurs by progressive addition of cells from pharyngeal mesoderm to the poles of the heart. These progenitor cells, termed the second heart field, contribute to right ventricular and outflow tract myocardium at the arterial pole of the heart and to atrial myocardium at the venous pole. Perturbation of this process results in congenital heart defects. Since the discovery of this progenitor cell population, much has been learned about the signaling pathways and transcription factors regulating second heart field deployment. However, fundamental questions about the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying heart tube elongation remain. Here we briefly review a selection of recent findings in the area of second heart field biology and discuss the clinical implications of these new studies for our understanding of the etiology of congenital heart defects.

Properties of Cardiac Progenitor Cells in the Second Heart Field