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Statistical Fault Localisation (SFL) is a widely used method for localizing faults in software. SFL gathers coverage details of passed and failed executions over a faulty program and then uses a measure to assign a degree of suspiciousness to each of a chosen set of program entities (statements, predicates, etc.) in that program. The program entities are then inspected by the engineer in descending order of suspiciousness until the bug is found. The effectiveness of this process relies on the quality of the suspiciousness measure. In this paper, we compare 157 measures, 95 of which are new to SFL and borrowed from other branches of science and philosophy. We also present a new measure optimiser Lex g , which optimises a given measure g according to a criterion of single bug optimality. An experimental comparison on benchmarks from the Software-artifact Infrastructure Repository (SIR) indicates that many of the new measures perform competitively with the established ones. Furthermore, the large-scale comparison reveals that the new measures Lex Ochiai and Pattern-Similarity perform best overall.

Evaluation of Measures for Statistical Fault Localisation and an Optimising Scheme