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It is well-known that the distribution of file sizes in the Internet has a long tail, and that the traffic mainly consists of small flows – “the mice”, while a large portion of the bytes are sent by large flows – “the elephants”. However, it is not yet well understood regarding how the mice and the elephants interact with each other when they share a common link. A simplified modelling assumption is that the mice appear as an uncontrolled and random background load while the elephants take the remaining link bandwidth [7].   In this paper, we find that under moderate traffic load, short connections, particularly large-sized mice whom we refer to as “rats”, have a significant impact on the throughput of long-lived TCP flows. The occurrence of rats, who are in the slow-start phase of the TCP protocol, impair the ability of long-lived TCP flows to grab a link’s available bandwidth. Our analysis shows that the throughput of the long-lived TCP flows is a function of the rats’ arrival rate; and since the file sizes in the Internet are Pareto-distributed, this arrival rate is actually a function of the traffic’s shape parameter.

The Undismissible Rats: How Do Short Connections Affect Long-Lived TCP Flows under Moderate Traffic Load?