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Resource theories are a generic approach used to manage any valuableresource, such as entanglement, purity, and asymmetry. Such frameworks arecharacterized by two main elements: a set of predefined (free) operations andstates, that one assumes to be easily obtained at no cost. Given these groundrules, one can ask: what is achievable by using such free operations andstates? This usually results in a set of state transition conditions, that tellus if a particular state $ \rho $ may evolve into another state $ \rho' $ viathe usage of free operations and states. We shall see in this chapter thatthermal interactions can be modelled as a resource theory. The state transitionconditions arising out of such a framework, are then referred to as "secondlaws". We shall also see how such state transition conditions recover classicalthermodynamics in the i.i.d. limit. Finally, we discuss how these laws areapplied to study fundamental limitations to the performance of quantum heatengines.

Resource theory of quantum thermodynamics: Thermal operations and Second Laws