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Cardiac cine MRI with 3D isotropic resolution is challenging as it requires efficient data acquisition and motion management. It is proposed to use a 2D balanced SSFP (steady-state free precession) sequence rather than its 3D version as it provides better contrast between blood and tissue. In order to obtain 3D isotropic images, 2D multi-slice datasets are acquired in different orientations (short axis, horizontal long axis and vertical long axis) while the patient is breathing freely. Image reconstruction is performed in two steps: (i) a motion-compensated reconstruction of each image stack corrects for nonrigid cardiac and respiratory motion; (ii) a super-resolution (SR) algorithm combines the three motion-corrected volumes (with low resolution in the slice direction) into a single volume with isotropic resolution. The SR reconstruction was implemented with two regularization schemes including a conventional one (Tikhonov) and a feature-preserving one (Beltrami). The method was validated in 8 volunteers and 10 patients with breathing difficulties. Image sharpness, as assessed by intensity profiles and by objective metrics based on the structure tensor, was improved with both SR techniques. The Beltrami constraint provided efficient denoising without altering the effective resolution.

Motion-Corrected, Super-Resolution Reconstruction for High-Resolution 3D Cardiac Cine MRI